英语发展史的思维导图？3、现代英语时期约15世纪至今。在16世纪，英语开始发生了重大变化，其中包括语法和发音的规范化，引入了大量拉丁语和希腊语的词汇。随着英国的殖民扩张，英语开始在全球范围内传播，成为国际通用语言。那么，英语发展史的思维导图？一起来了解一下吧。
http://www.iselong.com/english/0001/1124.htm(英语简史(English Version))
A Brief Look at the History of English
The history of English is conventionally, if perhaps too neatly, divided into three periods usually called Old English (or Anglo-Saxon), Middle English, and Modern English. The earliest period begins with the migration of certain Germanic tribes from the continent to Britain in the fifth century A. D., though no records of their language survive from before the seventh century, and it continues until the end of the eleventh century or a bit later. By that time Latin, Old Norse (the language of the Viking invaders), and especially the Anglo-Norman French of the dominant class after the Norman Conquest in 1066 had begun to have a substantial impact on the lexicon, and the well-developed inflectional system that typifies the grammar of Old English had begun to break down. The following brief sample of Old English prose illustrates several of the significant ways in which change has so transformed English that we must look carefully to find points of resemblance between the language of the tenth century and our own. It is taken from Aelfric's "Homily on St. Gregory the Great" and concerns the famous story of how that pope came to send missionaries to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity after seeing Anglo-Saxon boys for sale as slaves in Rome:
Eft he axode, hu ðære ðeode nama wære þe hi of comon. Him wæs geandwyrd, þæt hi Angle genemnode wæron. Þa cwæð he, "Rihtlice hi sind Angle gehatene, for ðan ðe hi engla wlite habbað, and swilcum gedafenað þæt hi on heofonum engla geferan beon."
A few of these words will be recognized as identical in spelling with their modern equivalents -- he, of, him, for, and, on -- and the resemblance of a few others to familiar words may be guessed -- nama to name, comon to come, wære to were, wæs to was -- but only those who have made a special study of Old English will be able to read the passage with understanding. The sense of it is as follows: "Again he [St. Gregory] asked what might be the name of the people from which they came. It was answered to him that they were named Angles. Then he said, 'Rightly are they called Angles because they have the beauty of angels, and it is fitting that such as they should be angels' companions in heaven.' " Some of the words in the original have survived in altered form, including axode (asked), hu (how), rihtlice (rightly), engla (angels), habbað (have), swilcum (such), heofonum (heaven), and beon (be). Others, however, have vanished from our lexicon, mostly without a trace, including several that were quite common words in Old English: eft "again," ðeode "people, nation," cwæð "said, spoke," gehatene "called, named," wlite "appearance, beauty," and geferan "companions." Recognition of some words is naturally hindered by the presence of two special characters, þ, called "thorn," and ð, called "edh," which served in Old English to represent the sounds now spelled with th.
Other points worth noting include the fact that the pronoun system did not yet, in the late tenth century, include the third person plural forms beginning with th-: hi appears where we would use they. Several aspects of word order will also strike the reader as oddly unlike ours. Subject and verb are inverted after an adverb -- þa cwæð he "Then said he" -- a phenomenon not unknown in Modern English but now restricted to a few adverbs such as never and requiring the presence of an auxiliary verb like do or have. In subordinate clauses the main verb must be last, and so an object or a preposition may precede it in a way no longer natural: þe hi of comon "which they from came," for ðan ðe hi engla wlite habbað "because they angels' beauty have."
Perhaps the most distinctive difference between Old and Modern English reflected in Aelfric's sentences is the elaborate system of inflections, of which we now have only remnants. Nouns, adjectives, and even the definite article are inflected for gender, case, and number: ðære ðeode "(of) the people" is feminine, genitive, and singular, Angle "Angles" is masculine, accusative, and plural, and swilcum "such" is masculine, dative, and plural. The system of inflections for verbs was also more elaborate than ours: for example, habbað "have" ends with the -að suffix characteristic of plural present indicative verbs. In addition, there were two imperative forms, four subjunctive forms (two for the present tense and two for the preterit, or past, tense), and several others which we no longer have. Even where Modern English retains a particular category of inflection, the form has often changed. Old English present participles ended in -ende not -ing, and past participles bore a prefix ge- (as geandwyrd "answered" above).
The period of Middle English extends roughly from the twelfth century through the fifteenth. The influence of French (and Latin, often by way of French) upon the lexicon continued throughout this period, the loss of some inflections and the reduction of others (often to a final unstressed vowel spelled -e) accelerated, and many changes took place within the phonological and grammatical systems of the language. A typical prose passage, especially one from the later part of the period, will not have such a foreign look to us as Aelfric's prose has; but it will not be mistaken for contemporary writing either. The following brief passage is drawn from a work of the late fourteenth century called Mandeville's Travels. It is fiction in the guise of travel literature, and, though it purports to be from the pen of an English knight, it was originally written in French and later translated into Latin and English. In this extract Mandeville describes the land of Bactria, apparently not an altogether inviting place, as it is inhabited by "full yuele [evil] folk and full cruell."
In þat lond ben trees þat beren wolle, as þogh it were of scheep; whereof men maken clothes, and all þing þat may ben made of wolle. In þat contree ben many ipotaynes, þat dwellen som tyme in the water, and somtyme on the lond: and þei ben half man and half hors, as I haue seyd before; and þei eten men, whan þei may take hem. And þere ben ryueres and watres þat ben fulle byttere, þree sithes more þan is the water of the see. In þat contré ben many griffounes, more plentee þan in ony other contree. Sum men seyn þat þei han the body vpward as an egle, and benethe as a lyoun: and treuly þei seyn soth þat þei ben of þat schapp. But o griffoun hath the body more gret, and is more strong, þanne eight lyouns, of suche lyouns as ben o this half; and more gret and strongere þan an hundred egles, suche as we han amonges vs. For o griffoun þere wil bere fleynge to his nest a gret hors, 3if he may fynde him at the poynt, or two oxen 3oked togidere, as þei gon at the plowgh.
The spelling is often peculiar by modern standards and even inconsistent within these few sentences (contré and contree, o [griffoun] and a [gret hors], þanne and þan, for example). Moreover, in the original text, there is in addition to thorn another old character 3, called "yogh," to make difficulty. It can represent several sounds but here may be thought of as equivalent to y. Even the older spellings (including those where u stands for v or vice versa) are recognizable, however, and there are only a few words like ipotaynes "hippopotamuses" and sithes "times" that have dropped out of the language altogether. We may notice a few words and phrases that have meanings no longer common such as byttere "salty," o this half "on this side of the world," and at the poynt "to hand," and the effect of the centuries-long dominance of French on the vocabulary is evident in many familiar words which could not have occurred in Aelfric's writing even if his subject had allowed them, words like contree, ryueres, plentee, egle, and lyoun.
In general word order is now very close to that of our time, though we notice constructions like hath the body more gret and three sithes more þan is the water of the see. We also notice that present tense verbs still receive a plural inflection as in beren, dwellen, han, and ben and that while nominative þei has replaced Aelfric's hi in the third person plural, the form for objects is still hem. All the same, the number of inflections for nouns, adjectives, and verbs has been greatly reduced, and in most respects Mandeville is closer to Modern than to Old English.
The period of Modern English extends from the sixteenth century to our own day. The early part of this period saw the completion of a revolution in the phonology of English that had begun in late Middle English and that effectively redistributed the occurrence of the vowel phonemes to something approximating their present pattern. (Mandeville's English would have sounded even less familiar to us than it looks.) Other important early developments include the stabilizing effect on spelling of the printing press and the beginning of the direct influence of Latin and, to a lesser extent, Greek on the lexicon. Later, as English came into contact with other cultures around the world and distinctive dialects of English developed in the many areas which Britain had colonized, numerous other languages made small but interesting contributions to our word-stock.
The historical aspect of English really encompasses more than the three stages of development just under consideration. English has what might be called a prehistory as well. As we have seen, our language did not simply spring into existence; it was brought from the Continent by Germanic tribes who had no form of writing and hence left no records. Philologists know that they must have spoken a dialect of a language that can be called West Germanic and that other dialects of this unknown language must have included the ancestors of such languages as German, Dutch, Low German, and Frisian. They know this because of certain systematic similarities which these languages share with each other but do not share with, say, Danish. However, they have had somehow to reconstruct what that language was like in its lexicon, phonology, grammar, and semantics as best they can through sophisticated techniques of comparison developed chiefly during the last century. Similarly, because ancient and modern languages like Old Norse and Gothic or Icelandic and Norwegian have points in common with Old English and Old High German or Dutch and English that they do not share with French or Russian, it is clear that there was an earlier unrecorded language that can be called simply Germanic and that must be reconstructed in the same way. Still earlier, Germanic was just a dialect (the ancestors of Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit were three other such dialects) of a language conventionally designated Indo-European, and thus English is just one relatively young member of an ancient family of languages whose descendants cover a fair portion of the globe.
英语发展史：
英语真正的历史应该从公元5世纪时入侵英国的三个日耳曼部落说起. 这几个部落分别是：盎格鲁人， 撒克逊人和朱特人，他们从今天的德国北部和丹麦出发，然后横渡北海。那时候英国的本地居民都说凯尔特语。但由于入侵者的逼迫，他们都被赶到了西部和北部-主要是现在的威尔士，苏格兰和爱尔兰。盎格鲁人来自Englaland他们的语言称为Englisc（古英语）-这两个词就是现在England和English的前身。
日耳曼入侵者在公元5世界通过英国东海岸和南海岸进入英国。
入侵英国的这几个日耳曼部落，其语言基本相近，这些语言的融合形成了我们现在称的古语言。古英语的发音与书写与现在的英语并不一样。因此以英语为母语的人对于阅读古英语也有很大的困难。然而，现代英语最常用的词语中，大约就有一半起源于古英语。例如be,strong和water。古英语一直被使用到1100年左右。
1066年，诺曼底（现法国的一部分）公爵威廉率兵征服了英国。征服者带来了他们的语言-一种法语，而这也成为皇室，统治阶级和商人阶级的语言。曾经一段时间，出现了以语言区分阶级的现象，下层阶级说英语，上层阶级说法语。在14世纪英语重新成为英国主流语言，但也增加了许多法语单词，这就是中世纪英语。
英语的最早形式是由盎格鲁-撒克逊移民于5世纪带到英国的一组西日耳曼语（Ingvaeonic）方言，被统称为古英语。中古英语始于11世纪末，诺曼征服英格兰；这是该语言受到法语影响的时期。早期现代英语始于15世纪后期引进的的印刷机到伦敦，在印刷国王詹姆斯圣经和开始元音大推移。
自17世纪以来，现代英语在英国和美国的广泛影响下在世界各地传播。通过各类这些国家的印刷和电子媒体，英语已成为国际主导语言之一，在许多地区和专业的环境下的语言也有主导地位，例如科学、导航和法律。
由于英国过去在世界各地有许多殖民地的缘故，因此在现代，英语在许多国家与地区，都是通用语言或官方语言之一：
1、英语在下列国家和地区是第一语言：英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、巴哈马、巴巴多斯、百慕大、圭亚那、牙买加、新西兰、圣基茨和尼维斯和特立尼达和多巴哥。
2、英语在下列国家和地区中是通用语言，这些国家和地区包括多米尼克、圣路西亚和圣文森特和格林纳丁斯、密克罗尼西亚联邦、塞浦路斯。
3、英语是下列国家和地区的官方语言（之一）：斐济、新加坡、加纳、冈比亚、基里巴斯、肯尼亚、纳米比亚、尼日利亚、马绍尔群岛、巴布亚新几内亚、所罗门群岛、萨摩亚群岛、塞拉利昂、斯威士兰、博茨瓦纳、坦桑尼亚、赞比亚；
马拉维、津巴布韦、南非、莱索托、厄立特里亚、利比里亚、塞舍尔、埃塞俄比亚、乌干达、卢旺达、苏丹、南苏丹、苏格兰、印度、巴基斯坦、马耳他、汤加、瓦努阿图、纽埃。
简述英语的发展史如下：
1、古英语时期约5世纪-11世纪。
古英语是从盎格鲁-撒克逊人的日耳曼语言演化而来的。这个阶段的英语受到了盎格鲁-撒克逊人、丹麦人和诺曼底人的影响。主要文献作品有《贝奥武夫》和《英国人的历史》等。英语词汇中的许多基础词汇（如house、mother）可以追溯到古英语时期。
2、中英语时期约11世纪-15世纪。
中英语是由诺曼底人的法语和古英语混合而成的。在这个时期，英语逐渐成为国内使用的主要语言，并在普通人之间流行起来。著名的中英语文学作品包括《坎特伯雷故事集》和《亚瑟王传说》。
3、现代英语时期约15世纪至今。
在16世纪，英语开始发生了重大变化，其中包括语法和发音的规范化，引入了大量拉丁语和希腊语的词汇。随着英国的殖民扩张，英语开始在全球范围内传播，成为国际通用语言。英语的不同变体如美式英语和英式英语逐渐形成。
学习英语的好处：
1、沟通能力。
英语是全球通用的语言，在国际交流和商务领域中非常重要。通过学习英语，你可以更容易地与来自不同国家和文化背景的人进行沟通。
2、工作机会。
掌握英语可以为你创造更广泛的职业机会。
英语语言的发展史：
1、盎格鲁――撒克逊时期。
从公元前55年到公元五世纪，罗马人两次入侵不列颠，对其统治达400年之久，当时英语还存在只有凯尔特人的语言――凯尔特语。公元410年，罗马人由于应付自己国家局势的变化，被迫离开了不列颠，接踵而来的是日耳曼人，他们有三个部落组成：盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人，他们使用各自的日耳曼方言，勉强可以交流。后来三个部落合在一起，使用统一的语言――盎格鲁－撒克逊语，也就是我们今天所说的“古英语”。
2、古英语时期
从公元793年开始，北欧的维京人从斯堪的纳维亚入侵英国，对英语主要产生了两个方面的影响：受北欧语的影响，英语的词尾变化和名词的性逐渐消失，所以今天的英语不像其他的欧洲语言一样有着复杂的语法、复杂的词尾变化，以及名词和形容词性、数、格的变化。
3、中古英语时期
中古英语时期是英语发展史的第二个阶段（1150年―1500年），公元1066年，法国诺曼底公爵威廉率领法国人入侵英格兰，在黑斯廷斯战役中战胜英军，成为不列颠的统治者，后人称之为征服者威廉，这段历史时期被称为“诺曼底征服”。
以上就是英语发展史的思维导图的全部内容，1.英语的发展要追溯到公元410年，罗马人离开不列颠之后，日耳曼部族包括盎格鲁、萨克逊开始涌入。2.罗马人走了，没有留下他们使用的拉丁语。反倒是实用的盎格鲁萨克逊语言进入到当地人的语言，带去了新的词汇。3.公元597年。
